Last time, we discussed how a bill moves through the legislative process, but that is not the end of the line. Just because a bill passes both chambers of the state Legislature, the bill is not guaranteed to become law. The final stop for a bill is the governor’s desk.
What happens after a bill passes both chambers?
Once a bill passes both chambers of the Legislature, it’s returned to the chamber of origin. It is then sent to the governor for his or her signature. However, in New York, bills usually are not sent to the governor immediately, as can be the case in other states.
Once a bill passes both chambers and it’s returned to the chamber of origin, the chamber holds the bill until the governor requests it be sent to him or her for consideration. This is not an official process, but this is how governors like it to work so the governor and his or her staff can be prepared when bills land on his or her desk. However, the Legislature is not bound by this preference.
If the Legislature wants, it can send a bill to the governor at any time, but it has to be careful—some governors tend to veto bills that are sent to him or her without asking for them first. Typically, the Legislature holds all bills unless they are called—with the exception of the end of the session—at which point all bills not previously requested are sent all at once for consideration at least 11 days (excluding Sundays) before the end of the calendar year.
Why 11 days, you might ask? There is a strategic reason, and it all has to do with the laws surrounding the governor’s choices of action, and how long he or she has to act once a bill is delivered to the second floor.
The governor’s options and the law
Once a bill is delivered to the governor for consideration, he or she has 10 days (excluding Sundays) to sign, veto, pocket veto, or pocket sign the bill.
If the governor signs the bill, it becomes law and goes into effect as outlined in the bill. Sometimes, the signing will be accompanied by an approval message outlining why the governor liked the bill.
If the governor vetoes the bill, he or she will return the bill to the chamber of origin with objections—often referred to as a veto message—explaining why he or she vetoed the bill.
Often, these comments are guides for the Legislature to make changes to the bill in hopes that, if they are incorporated into an amended piece of legislation, the governor will sign it. The Legislature also has the option to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers. If this occurs, the vetoed bill becomes law.
A pocket sign is not a term I’ve ever heard anyone use, but it is the closest thing to what happens if the governor does not sign or veto a bill within the 10-day window. If a bill is not acted upon within the 10 days (again, excluding Sundays) the bill becomes law automatically. This doesn’t happen normally, but it’s a good option for the governor if he or she feels that for political reasons, he or she can’t sign or veto a bill.
A pocket veto can only occur in one of two instances:
First, if the Legislature has adjourned and the governor cannot return a vetoed bill to the chamber of origin, then the bill will not become law unless the governor decides to sign it. If the governor does this, he or she cannot veto the bill but he or she essentially has vetoed it because it cannot be returned to the chamber of origin, and he or she is not signing it.
A pocket veto can also take place at the end of the calendar year if the Legislature does not play its cards right. At the end of the calendar year, any bills that have not been delivered to the governor are dumped on his or her desk at least 11 days (excluding Sundays) before the end of the year. This gives the governor no choice but to veto or sign them, otherwise they will become law if no action is taken.
As mentioned, the governor has 10 days to sign or veto a bill, so sending bills with 11 days left in the year (excluding Sundays) forces the governor to act on every bill. All of the bills are sent because any bill leftover at the end of the year that has been passed by both chambers—but not sent to the governor—goes back to the beginning of the legislative process. If a bill is vetoed, the Legislature has the option to override by a two-thirds majority vote. If a bill is not overridden, it expires and it must be reintroduced in its respective committee.
The exceptions
There are some weird exceptions to the rules above that should be explained, which include the following:
If the Legislature has adjourned its session—which prevents the bill from being returned because the governor vetoed it—a bill shall not become law, even if the 10 days has expired. This happens because there is no way for the governor to return the bill. However, this situation usually does not present itself because the Legislature never actually adjourns.
Additionally, if you watch the legislative session of the state Assembly or state Senate, when a session ends—even at the end of the legislative term in June—the chambers recess to return at the call of the speaker of the Assembly or majority leader of the Senate. Additionally, every few days, Albany-area members of the Assembly call the Assembly into session and then recess the chamber immediately. These processes not only prevent the governor from pocket vetoing a bill because it cannot be returned to the Legislature, but it also prevents the governor from being able to call the Legislature into a special session because technically, it is still in session even if no work is being conducted.
Another oddity about this whole process is that the governor can sign a bill with an agreement to make changes, or chapter amendments. This occurs frequently. Sometimes, even before a bill is sent to the governor, the governor will tell the legislative leaders that he or she does not like certain aspects of the bill. This leads to three-way talks between both chambers of the Legislature and the governor to hash out an agreement on changes.
Once an agreement is reached, the governor signs the bill and it becomes law as written. The governor’s approval message often includes discussion about the chapter-amendment agreement. Then, when the Legislature reconvenes (usually in January), the chambers will pass amendments to the law that were agreed upon, which are then sent to the governor for his or her signature. Once the governor signs these amendments, the law is amended.
There is nothing that says the members of the Legislature have to pass chapter amendments they agreed to. They could decide they want the law to stand as-is, but it could be damaging for either chamber to go back on its word.
What’s next?
The bill passed both chambers. The governor has signed it. What else could be needed?
The bill is now law. Well … most bills cannot go into effect without some accompanying regulations to flesh out the law’s specifics. That is where various executive agencies come into play: rulemaking.
Next, we will discuss the role of regulators in new laws and the rulemaking process.
Get involved
If you want to get involved with PIANY’s legislative and advocacy work, there are many ways to engage with the association:
- participate in PIANY’s District Office Visit Program;
- become a member of Agents Advocacy Coalition; and
- watch your PIA Northeast publications and PIA Northeast’s social-media channels for important New York updates, and share them with your followers.
See the full series
N.Y.: Part I: How an idea becomes a bill
N.Y.: Part II: We need your help: How to garner support for a bill
N.Y.: Part III: How a bill moves through the New York state Legislature
N.Y.: Part IV: The governor’s role in law making
N.Y.: Part V: Rule making and executive agencies
Katherine “Kat” Slye-Hernandez, Ph.D.
Katherine “Kat” Slye-Hernandez received her Ph.D. in political science from the State University of Albany, Albany, N.Y., in May 2020. She also has her Master of Arts from SUNY Albany and a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science and History from Elmira College, Elmira, N.Y.
